Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Research Paper

Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - Research Paper Example Since its earliest explanation many of years ago, diabetes has remained a chronic progressive illness (Rubino et al. 1). The illness now affects over 200 million individuals globally, and diabetes-associated death is anticipated to go up by 50% in the next decade. The occurrence of the disease, from 1994 to 2004, among elderly individuals, went up by 63% (Rubino et al. 1). Diabetes is, at the moment, ranked as the 6th leading cause of death in the United States (Rubino et al. 1). In many other nations, it ranks far higher due to their extremely poor techniques of dealing with the illness. In the United States Prospective Diabetes Study, people with diabetes were treated with insulin, diet modification, sulfonylurea and metformin in order to ease the illness (Sloan 194). Even with the innovative pharmacotherapies (drug therapies), diabetic patients still develop micro- and macro-vascular effects. Diabetes is associated with increased stroke- and cardiac-related deaths, blindness and k idney failure, as well as 69% of the non-trauma lower-limb amputations (Sloan 194). The illness as a preoperative risk element confers much better morbidity than a previous myocardial infarction in cardiac surgery. Whereas this numbers indicate to us that this disease will be a global health concern of the next generation, its actual pathophysiology is yet to be defined. Alternative treatments targeting diverse models of this disease need vigilant and responsible assessment. A tremendous body of proof now showcases that surgery for type 1 diabetes can achieve complete illness remission, an objective almost unprecedented in recent diabetes care (Perry 22; Montenero 98; Fox 1550). Data gathered over many years of surgery showcases the success and durability of diabetes management gained after the surgery. Metabolic surgery is, at the moment, emerging as a field devoted to the development of surgical processes, particularly intended to treat diabetes. However, what about non-surgical treatment? Type 1 is treated non-surgically with insulin replacement – normally through an insulin pump or insulin injection, along with dietary management, usually including vigilant monitoring of blood glucos e levels with the use of glucose meters and carbohydrate tracking (Fox 1545). This paper will center on whether one should consider surgical or non-surgical treatment for diabetes. It will discuss the many surgical and non-surgical options currently available, as well as those under study. Evidence In the early 80’s, medical surgeons identified that a lot of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who had undergone pancreas transplant and islet cell transplant for treatment of the disease experienced a complete diabetes remission (Fox 1546). This remission confirmed to be durable. Since then, numerous studies have come up confirming the efficiency of pancreas transplant and islet cell transplant in treating T1D. In the meta-analysis of 30,000 diabetic patients, Cremieux (590) found diabetes resolution in 97.6 percent of patients experiencing biliopancreatic change or duodenal exchange, 84.9 percent resolution after islet cell transplant, as well as 47.9 percent diet management. I n an American diabetes study, a probable case-matched study compared diabetic patients undergoing surgery (pancreas or islet cell) with medication or non-surgical procedures (Rubino et al. 1). The data was gathered from 4,000 diabetic patients, who were tracked for over two years and others tracked for over a decade. The occurrence of diabetes at two and 10 years was overwhelmingly lower in the group that underwent surgery compared to the individuals who went for conventional treatment (Rubino et al. 1). Diabetes reduction rates as two and 10 years were 80 percent and 30 percent respectively following surgery and 20 percent and 11 percent with medical therapy respectively. A lot of people have argued that the decade remission rate is much lower than expected due to the high percentage rate of

Feasability of customizing a pop music concert

Feasability of customizing a pop music concert The report is prepared in feasibility stage outlining activities needed for the project of customizing a pop music concert. The report covers the background of Woods Ltd and brief info of PLC. There after detail discuss on the stages of PLC from concept stage, development stage, implement stage to commission stage will all details of each sections and subsections, finally a brief summary of report in conclusion. Woods Ltd are a company specialising in the special events and have 1 base in the North West of England. The major job of Woods Ltd is focus upon giving customised special events on behalf of major organisation. Woods Ltd has developed an outstanding reputation on both large and small projects, nationwide and overseas. 1.1 PURPOSE OF REPORT The purpose of this report is Woods Ltd is planning to provide a one off event for a major music company. This report also discusses a range of activities required to manage the project successfully. 1.2 PROJECT LIFE CYCLE Burke (2003) said the project is a framework for dividing the project up into manageable phases. The four phases are concept phase, development phase, implementation phase and termination phase. Figure 1.0 Project Life Cycle 2.0 Concept Stage Burke (2003) said starts the project off by establishing the need for the project and the feasibility phase is in this stage. 2.1 Goal and objective The objectives of the project are customised a pop music concert. Beside that, make sure the project fulfil all the requirements for the sponsor of pop music concert. Once the project is conceptualized, the next obvious step is to set SMART goals for its successful implementation. Most professionals agree that the successful implementation of a project demands setting up of certain meaningful guidelines and SMART goals. Special Well defined Clear to anyone that has a basic knowledge of the project. Measureable Know if the goal is obtainable and how far away completion is Know when it has been achieved Agree upon Agreement with all the stakeholders what the goals should be Realistic Within the availability of resources, knowledge and time Time Based Enough time to achieve the goal Not too much time , which can affect project performance Table 2.1 Smart goal analysis 2.2 Project feasibility study Feasibility study is a critical part of the project life cycle. The aim of the study would be to carry out a preliminary investigation which should help to determine whether the project should proceed further and how it should proceed. A well-orchestrated project feasibility study provides the kind of impartial analysis that can separate profitable ideas from unproductive brainstorms (Joe Taylor Jr.). Table 2.2 shows that, the PM responsible for conducting the feasibility study would normally consider: Cost Is this within the budget set by the organisation or within the capabilities of the organisation to finance it? Timing Are there specific constraints on timing and is it possible to complete the project within these constraints? Performance Will the project satisfy performance criteria which have been determined? Effect on the organisation Is it feasible in the context of the organisation and the effect with it will have upon it? 2.3 STEEP analysis of the project According to Field and Keller (1998), STEEP analysis provides concentrated information covering social, technological, economic, ecological as well as political factor. STEEP analysis is a technique used to aid groups to focus on what is driving change in the external environment. STEEP Description Social Woods Ltd provides professional service to customer. Woods Ltd will provide all the customers wants. For example selling the DVD music, drinks and others to them when in the pop music concert. Technology Company is adapting new technologies and techniques to improve the customer needs and satisfaction. For example offer several options in eye-soothing and attractive plain and multi-colored stage lighting, including stage floor lights, pedestal-mounted lights, suspended overhead lights, and more. Economic Woods Ltd increases their levels of employment, reduce the national unemployment rate. Ecology This pop music concert will not cause any pollution and effect to the environment. Beside that, in introducing new products, Woods Ltd is offering more paperless transactions, implementing electronic payment and online statements. Political and Legal Woods Ltd ability to create more affiliated business and improve public perception of organization and government. Woods Ltd should also protect its workers by ensuring all the hiring, compensation, training or repatriation is according to UK Labour Law as stipulated. Table 2.3 STEEP Analysis 2.4 Identify the stakeholder group According to Slack et al. (2004), to understand the project environment is to consider the various individuals and groups of people who have direct or indirect interest in the project. The five primary project stakeholders are the PM, project team, functional management, sponsors and customer. Each stakeholder has an essential contribution to make and all stakeholder expectations need to be met. Stakeholders for this project are shown in the table below. Group of stakeholders Responsibility in this pop music concert Project Manager Project manager is the person who is responsible for ensuring that the project team completes the event for a pop music concert on time. Beside that, the project manager develops the project plan with the team and manages the teams performance of the project tasks. Project team members The project team members are responsible for executing tasks and producing deliverables as outlined in the project plan and directed by the project manager, at whatever level of effort or participation has been defined for them. Vendors Vendors are contracted to provide additional products or services the project will require and may be members of the project team. Consumers Consumers include all the people that will use the product or services that the project is developing. Consumers internal to the Performing organization may also be customers. Table 2.4 Group of stakeholder and Responsibility in this pop music concert 2.5 Identify the Resources Required In the Project According to (Sloman 2006), there are three types of resources form the perspective of economic study, they are human resources, natural resources and manufactured resources. Pop music concert is a big project and it needs a comprehensive plan on resources in terms of manpower, budget, equipment and machineries required. Below are the examples of the estimated music concert equipment that the PM planned to be required in this event. 2.6 Approval obtains in concept stage Once the project proposal gets endorsement of the stakeholder of client, project manager will move to the continuous phase which is development phase. 3.0 DEVELOPMENT STAGES In this stage, a project team is conceived with responsibilities allocated. The planning events will mostly be prepared in this stage. 3.1 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Since the pop concert project is also a portfolio of several activities, it is necessary to breakdown the work. The work breakdown structure (WBS) is used to capture all the works of a particular project. WBS is required throughout the entire project. This is a results-oriented family tree presenting the activities to conduct or perform. WBS is represented by a hierarchical figure to organised complex and large projects (Senaratne and Sexton, 2009). The WBS is designed to help more accurately and specifically define and organise the scope of the total project. Beside that, WBS in pop concert projects is to help with assigning responsibilities, resource allocation, monitoring the project, and controlling the project. Finally, it allows PM double check all the deliverables specifics with the stakeholders and make sure there is nothing missing or overlapping. 3.2Network Diagram According to Levine, R 2010 network diagram is representation of projects activities to show logical relationship between activities to find out the completion date. The PM will establish a network diagram as in the table 3.1 by stating all the activities that perform in the project. Based on the table 3.2 shows that, pop concert project needed 49days to be completed. (Please refer appendix 1 for example of network diagram). 3.3 Financial Project Appraisal Financial Appraisal Financial project appraisal is a series of methods used to assess the financial feasibility of a pop music concert project. In this report will cover several types of financial appraisal method which aims to aid management in project selection and to improve shareholders wealth as well. Payback Payback period is a type of financial appraisal that measures the duration it takes to recover the initial investment costs which can be closely describe as break-even point (Petty, et al 2006). Under the payback periods rule, which ever project that gives the shorter payback duration will be accepted (Andrew and Gallagher (2003)) p 271. Net Present Value (NPV) NPV method can be said to increase shareholders wealth as this method can be easily understood. The main point is as long as the benefits (cash inflow which already taken future discounted value into account) exceed its cost, it can be said the investment has created a value (Andrew and Gallagher (2003)), p 274. Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is a type of financial appraisal that finds a single rate of return that determines whether it is worth undertaking a project or not by measuring the rate of return that makes the NPV equivalent to zero. (Investopedia2010). 3.4 Project budget Keown 2005 said that, PM must make a master budget where all other budgets from various quarters are consolidated into the master budget. PM will determine the reasonable cost that required to accomplishing the pop concert project. When the estimated cost of an item is uncertain, the project budget often includes a design allowance. This is money that is set aside in the budget just in case the actual cost of the item is wildly different than the estimate. Estimated Expenses à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ (pound) Performers Taken That Rhianna Jay Z à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 30,000.00 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 50,000.00 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 25,000.00 Manpower expenses à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 15,000.00 Concert services à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 10,000.00 Equipment Rental à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 18,000.00 Space Rental à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤ 12,000.00 Concert decorate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤15,000.00 Total Costs à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¤175,000.00 Table 3.2 list of estimate project budget 3.5 Project Policy and Procedure A well-laid out policy and procedures manual will help attract informed members and allow the company to operate more efficiently and effectively. As argued by Utar Project Management, a policy is created as guidance for the project team to carry out their task without go against the law and regulation. Beside that, a procedure is a method by which a policy can be accomplished; it provides the instructions necessary to carry out a policy statement. Project team has to set some significant policies such as employment policy which respectively bound to the UK Employment Act. Beside that, all the staffs are needed to follow the rules and regulation as presented in (appendix 3) to avoid anything occur in the workplace. 3.6 Obtain approval from owner to proceed with implementation stage At last of this stage, PM will discuss and show all the paper work of the development stages to owner and get approval to go ahead with the project implementations. 4.0 Implementation stage According to Burke (2003) this phase involve the actual implementation of the pop concert project as agreed by all stakeholders. 4.1 Leadership style for PM PM needs to understand human motivation, team development and how to influence people, Boddy (2002).The best leadership style is always subject to each situation and the objective of leadership is to lead the team to a common goal. Lead is to adapt to the situation and the group you need to lead. Woods Ltd would need to adopt democratic leadership as each key team member is able to provide better proposals in addressing problems in a particular area with their expertise.Below are five leadership styles. Leadership Style Characteristic Autocratic *Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else * High degree of dependency on the leader * can create de-motivation and alienation of staff Democratic *May help motivation and involvement * Improves the sharing of ideas and experiences within the business * workers feel ownership of the firm and its ideas * can delay decision making Laissez-Faire *can be very useful in businesses where creative ideas are important * relies on good team work and interpersonal relations * can make coordination and decision making time-consuming and lacking in overall direction Participative *Leader acts as a father figure * Paternalistic leader makes decision buy may consult Consultative *Share the problem with relevant subordinates individually * The manager makes decision that may or may not reflect the subordinates influence. Table 4.1: Leadership style 4.2 Motivation Motivation for pop concert projects to be used is Maslow Hierarchy of Needs. Maslows model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfilment. In order to motivate employees, leadership must be understand the current level of needs at which the employee finds themselves, and leverage needs for workplace motivation. Table 4.2: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Pyramid 4.3 Procurement procedure Sound planning of procurement is crucial. PM shall determine what material and equipment are needed to purchase for this project and to ensure that the quality of material and equipment meet the requirement. Based on fair standards and non-discriminatory supplier selection, Woods Ltd is ready to enter into partnerships with new supplier applicants. Initially, PM need to identifying potential companies that can supply the products and services. After that, audition tasks should be held in order to identify the quality approved suppliers. Beside that, PM should also identify whether they require Just-in-Time delivery from their suppliers. (Please refer appendix 5) 4.4 Risk Management Tinnirello, 2000 said that risk management is to recognize potential problems before it happens so that corrective actions can be planned ahead and appeal when necessary to minimize undesirable impacts on the completion of projects. The approach PM has taken to manage risks for Pop concert project included a methodical process by which the project team define risk, identify risk, quantify risk, and develop response. The most likely and highest impact risks were added to the project schedule to ensure that the PM take the necessary steps to implement the mitigation response at the appropriate time during the schedule. (Please refer appendix 4) 4.5 Monitoring and Control According to Cadle, J Yeates, D (2001) PM require to control and monitor 4 main criteria into the pop concert project which is time, cost, quality and resources. The purpose of project monitoring and control is to provide actions can be taken when the project performance deviates significantly form the plan. During the execution of work, close monitoring and control is needed in order to ensure that progress, cost expenditure and scope performance are measured and reported with methods which are in line with the way the plan was set up. It could be daily, weekly or monthly. Criteria to Control Monitor How it is possible Time Time must be in control because it is significant to project to complete without any delay Cost Cost also should be in control because just for renovation and opening, owners should not spend a lot. Quality If the quality of project being monitored the ISO 9002 standard can be achieved Resources Resources also must be in control and require to use it until the maximum. Table 4.3 How to control Monitor the project. 5.0 Termination stage This phase is to confirm and aggress that the project has completed and meets customers requirement and satisfaction. Jack and Samuel (2003) 5.1 Opening concert preparations After all the checking is properly done, the PM will organize event management department to take over the opening preparations. 5.2 Release Unused Resources PM should transfer out all the unwanted materials, equipment, and any other resources to the appropriate places and redistribute personnel for the next project. For example machine and working equipment will transfer to the new project sites. 5.3 Documentation checked PM will run the last check into the pop concert, to ensure completion of the work, including tasks performed by subcontractors. Notify the pop concert owner of project completion and ensure that deliverables as planned. Beside that, PM must ensure that documentation is complete, including a terminal evaluation of the project deliverable and preparation of the projects Final Report. The PM is responsible to explain in detail about the item in the contract and after the owner of the pop concert has agreed with the item in the contract, the contract is sign off. 5.4 Payment and close up After the pop concert owner has sign off the contract, PM will submit the invoice for pop concert owner and remit payment. The information on an invoice includes invoice number, payment term, date invoice, client details and etc. Once payment being made by pop concert owner, the project will be finalize and close. 6.0 Conclusion In a nut shell, this report listed the activities needed by using the concept project life cycle. As a project moves through each process, the PM and senior management should continually monitor the projects critical success factors to ensure it is still viable. For the pop concert project, there are specific areas, and these are: integration to ensure that various project activities are coordinated; scope to ensure that all the work required and only the work required are included; time to provide an effective project schedule; cost to identify needed resources and maintain budget control; quality to ensure functional requirements are met; human resource to effectively employ project personnel; risk to analyse and mitigate potential risks and procurement to obtain necessary resources. Beside that, the project should be viewed alongside with the control techniques at all stages to ensure customers satisfaction throughout. 2145 words 7.0 Reference Sloman, J 2006, Economics, 6th Edition, Prentice Hall, Spain. Bruke Rory, Project Management: Planning and Control Techniques2003, John Wiley Boddy, D2002, Managing project Building and Leading the Team, Pearson Education Limited, London Project Management University of Tunku Abdul Rahman , Malaysia University of Sunderland Managing of Project notes. 2005 Field, M., Keller, L (1998) Project management. Open University. Richman, L (2002) project management Step-by step. AMACOM. Maslow, A. (1943) Motivation and personality, revised by R. Frazer et al (3rd edn 1970) Harper and Row, London. Herzberg, F. work and the Nature of Man. Ty Crowell Co Referring from Internet http://www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/2645.aspx Viewed 15 December 2010 http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/rsv9182#how Viewed 15 December 2010 http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:MNTXauAUAYoJ:fm.dal.ca/policies/files/ae269c8cdab2a6ab9af1aa0d3b788bb4.doc+policy+and+procedure+definitionscd=4hl=enct=clnkgl=my Viewed 18 December 2010 http://www.12manage.com/methods_goleman_leadership_styles.html Viewed 18 December 2010 http://www.envisionsoftware.com/articles/Maslows_Needs_Hierarchy.html Viewed 18 December 2010 http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:weh8P22Py4UJ:www.wiley.com/college/dec/meredith298298/resources/ppt/Ch13.ppt+project+termination+processhl=engl=mypid=blsrcid=ADGEESiy7TJ0FuzLsZKfCWxNcvvB4dqm_IZc6b9L9LMFWjOjvggX6Hsy7pJCdGTN-oiM54pzGQ7aUxp3L2vUZtoY1Fj2H-4XE3IEDCgFRolkeMcmEk3n5fyAea94dckyPWRK8XgOELLhsig=AHIEtbRSLeD7hwcgLsDncMJnBUvJkerPkw Viewed 22 December 2010 http://www.projectsmart.co.uk/smart-goals.html Viewed 22 December 2010 http://www.hireking.com.au/stage-hire-perth.shtml Viewed 22 December 2010 http://www.allbusiness.com/management/444125-1.html Viewed 27 December 2010 Appendix 2 The difference between policies and procedure Policy Procedure Describe the rules that establish what will or will not be done. Can range from broad philosophies to specific rules. Are usually expressed in standard sentence and paragraph format. Include WHAT the rule is, WHEN it applies and WHO it covers. Describe the critical steps undertaken to achieve policy intent. Are succinct, factual and to the point. Are usually expressed using lists. Include HOW to achieve the necessary results. Appendix 3 Safety rules and guidelines 1) Observe and practice the safety procedures established for the job. 2) In case of sickness or injury, no matter how slight, report at once to your supervisor. In no case should an employee treat his or her own or someone elses injuries or attempt to remove foreign particles from someone elses eye. 3) Do not wear loose clothing or jewellery around machinery. It may catch on moving equipment and cause a serious injury 4) Where required, you must wear protective equipment, such as goggles, safety glasses, masks, gloves, hair nets, etc. appropriate to the task. 5) Safety equipment such as restraints, pull backs, and two-hand devices are designed for your protection. Be sure such equipment is adjusted for you. 6) Observe No Smoking regulations. 7) Do not operate machines or equipment until you have been properly instructed and authorized to do so by your supervisor. 8) Do not engage in such other practices as may be inconsistent with ordinary and reasonable common sense safety rules. 9) Shut down your machine before cleaning, repairing, or leaving it. 10) Report any unsafe condition or acts to your supervisor. Appendix 4 Risk management Planning Risk Management Planning is the systematic process of deciding how to approach, plan, and execute risk management activities throughout the life of a project. It is intended to maximize the beneficial outcome of the opportunities and minimize or eliminate the consequences of adverse risk events Identify risk event Risk identification involves determining which risks might affect the project and documenting their characteristics. It may be a simple risk assessment organized by the project team. Qualitative Risk analysis Qualitative risk analysis assesses the impact and likelihood of the identified risks and develops prioritized lists of these risks for further analysis or direct mitigation. The team assesses each identified risk for its probability of occurrence and its impact on project objectives. Project teams may elicit assistance from subject matter experts or functional units to assess the risks in their respective fields Quantitative Risk analysis Quantitative risk analysis is a way of numerically estimating the probability that a project will meet its cost and time objectives. Quantitative analysis is based on a simultaneous evaluation of the impacts of all identified and quantified risks. Risk response Planning Risk response strategy is the process of developing options and determining actions to enhance opportunities and reduce threats to the projects objectives. It identifies and assigns parties to take responsibility for each risk response. This process ensures that each risk requiring a response has an owner . The Project Manager and the project team identify which strategy is best for each risk, and then selects specific actions to implement that strategy Risk monitoring and control Risk Monitoring and Control tracks identified risks, monitors residual risks, and identifies new risks-ensuring the execution of risk plans, and evaluating their effectiveness in reducing risk. Risk Monitoring and Control is an ongoing process for the life of the project. Appendix 5 procurement procedure Woods Lth supplier Procurement procedure

affirmative action :: essays research papers

Webster’s New World Dictionary definition of affirmative action is ‘a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups.’ President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the Executive Order 11246 requiring federal contractors to use affirmative action to increase the number of minorities that are employed. He also created the Office or Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) which set out to find the exact meaning of ‘Affirmative Action’ (Woods). Affirmative action is supposed to create ways for people to experience equal opportunities in the work place and for students wanting to go to college. However, while creating equal opportunities for some, it discriminated against others. With the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, many corporations created new ways of going around affirmative action without creating a lot of attention. Some companies created programs that would make it harder for minorities to get . One company, Duke Power Company of North Carolina, created a rule where in order to be considered for a promotion, you had to have been a high school graduate and pass 2 tests that were administered. These qualifications were mainly for the labor divisions which consisted of mainly black men. The problem being at the time only 12% of the black in North Carolina had passed high school, meaning they would not be eligible for the promotions. In 1961 it was taken to the Supreme Court and the 9 Justices unanimously agreed that this was a form a discrimination against blacks (Woods). Besides employees, students applying for college were being affected greatly. The affirmative action programs were becoming the basis for admission to college. This was creating unfair advantages of minorities over others. One man who felt this way was Allan Burke. Burke a 35 year old man decided to attend medical school. He applied to many schools, but was turned down because of his age. One school he applied at was University of California at Davis. The application contained a section that read, ‘Applicants from economically and educationally disadvantaged backgrounds are evaluated by a special subcommittee of the admissions committee.’ Whoever checked this was evaluated by a special task force which was created to bring in more minority students.

Wwii and Immigration

Following decades of isolationist policy, World War II was an essential time in the United States history because it gradually opened up American society to once again receive immigrants who are in search of better opportunity and refuge. In the early 19th century, the United States began to re-think about its stance on immigration. As the numbers of immigrants increased, questions about the leniency of the American government on immigration were raised by the â€Å"Progressive Movement†. Consequently, the United States began to employ a closed door policy of immigration.Chinese male immigrants, who had been coming in masses, inspired the implementation of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which forbade further immigration of laborers of Chinese descent. This act forced prohibited Chinese males from bring over their families and destroyed possibilities of citizenship for Chinese immigrants by making them permanent aliens. Furthermore, in 1907, adding to the isolationist stanc e of the U. S. , the city of San Francisco attempted to remove Japanese students from white schools and put them in segregated schools with Chinese students.The Japanese government was infuriated by with this comparison to the Chinese; this led to the establishment of the Gentleman’s Agreement. This was an informal agreement stating that the Japanese government would restrict further immigration of their people to the United States and, in return, Japanese children in San Francisco would be able to attend school with white children. Over the next half century, further restrictions on immigration were implemented, many based on racist assumptions that immigrants were inassimilable and could not be Americanized.However, we see examples in Nisei Daughter, where the children like Monica and her siblings became Americanized and came to detest the strict Japanese culture their parents were raised in. this contradicts the assumption that immigrants would not assimilate. Continued pr essure to limit immigration in the United States eventually led to the Immigration Act of 1917, which created the Asiatic Barred zone. This meant that people from the Asiatic zone, which included Japan, Korea, India, and Arabia were barred from coming to the United States. Furthermore, the Act restricted people who were illiterate and above the age of 16 from immigrating.As a result of the 1917 Act, the immigration process included a literacy test that only allowed people of a certain educational background to enter the United States under the assumption that they would be able to assimilate better with America’s progressive ideologies, provide skills for the work force, and contributing to the economy. Despite increased restrictions, in between the First and Second World War, immigration to the US was relatively high due to the scarcity of unskilled labor needed in mines and factories in the United States.After WWI, The Immigration Act of 1924 was passed which set a quota of a 165 thousand immigrants per year allowed into the United States. While there had been restrictions placed on Asian immigrants before 1924, there were still ways for students to come into America. Thus, the Second Quota Act was passed which stated that no Asians were permitted to come to the United States. There was an exception of 50 people per country provided those who came were racially white, jut just happened to be living in Asian countries.This act made it easier for people from Germany, France, and Great Britain to migrate to the United States because they were white and as such were thought to be able to assimilate more easily into the American Culture. The only region these quota restrictions did not apply to was the western Hampshire. These limitations did not apply to Mexican immigrants because there was a high demand for their labor in the south, and employers made it difficult for congress to restrict that labor. Overall, Before World War II, it was extremely hard to immigrate to the United States unless there was demand the labor of immigrants.By 1924, there was a clear racial hierarchy among immigrants in the United States based on skills as well as race. In Homestead: The Households of a Mill Town, Margaret Byington mentions the difficulties immigrant communities, such as the Slavs, faced as they tried to assimilate into the American culture. The government did not take any steps to address the hardships of these communities or help them assimilate into American culture. This is important because, after WWII, the United States went out of its way to welcome immigrants and develop programs to ease the adjustment process.The United States was very dissatisfied with their involvement in WWI; thus when the Great Depression occurred, they dealt with it by further isolating themselves from the rest of the world. The United States government focused on solving its economic difficulties at home and dealing with the decade long depression. Even after WWII began in Europe, the United States stayed true to its isolationist policies and wanted nothing to do with the war. However, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 forced the United States to enter WWII. Success in WWII made the United States the leading power in the world.After the United States witnessed the devastation Hitler had caused in WWII, the American government vowed to never allow that to happen again. As a result, immediately after WWII, the lessons learned from Hitler were applied to Stalin in the cold war. Instead of turning away from communist Russia, the United States engaged in the Cold War. Their goal was to contain communism around the world. The United States began strengthening their relationship with their own allies by building programs that would help these countries with education and health in order to get their assistance in containing the spread of Communism.After WWII though, Americans, especially those in the executive branch who dealt with f oreign policy, increasingly saw immigration and naturalization policies as tools for shaping foreign relations and advancing American interest. One of the first acts passed in the interest of immigration reform was The McCarran Walter Act of 1952, which not only illuminated the category of aliens ineligible for citizenship. This was the category many of the Issei Parents in Nisei Daughter were placed in but now they were permitted to become American citizens like their Nisei children.Also, the restrictions of The Asiatic Barred Zone, was lifted. Now, all Countries including China, who had previously was not been allowed to send any immigrants to the United States, unless they were white, now have a small quota to send people to the United States regardless of their racial background. Also, there was recognition among Americans that there were more people who wanted to come to the United States than the country could accommodate. As a resold priority was given to those who had family in the United States and needed to be reunified with them.Although some of the restrictions on immigration were loosened with The McCarran Walter Act, the country still allowed only a small number of people to immigrate. President Truman was pushing for immigration reform for years and was not fully satisfied with the new policy so the United States government sought out ways to expand immigration while still keeping what was best for the country in mind. President Johnson, who succeeded Kennedy, signs in the passage of the immigration and nationalization act of 1965.This act reforms the country and erases the old system of discriminatory and restrictive quotas based on national original and race while replacing it with a much less racist system. It was a new way of thinking, not just about immigrant but toward the American society. To manage immigration now, the United States divided the world into western hemisphere which constituted North, Central and South America, and Eastern hemisphere which was everything else. Over 300 thousand immigrants are allowed to come to the United States yearly with this new cap.Certain people were given preference with 80 percent of the groups under the new cap coming under different forms of family unification. Because of our involvement with different wars around the world and our efforts to end communism, the United States was increasingly allowing people to come above the set cap to find refuge in our country. These new loose policies on immigration coincided greatly with the civil rights movement. The movement comes at the same time the US becomes conscious of its role as a world leader.When the United States sought out to stop communism, they needed to show the world that their system was better but they could not do that when the world saw America as segregated and racist against some of their own people. Unequal treatment among Americans led some countries to want to turn to communism as a better policy. Immigration r eform and the Civil Rights Movement reinforced one another and eventually left. In 1950s, more than half of immigrants came from Europe and there were more Canadians coming into the country than Mexicans but beginning with 1965, Asians and Mexicans have began to come in mass.Congress did not understand when they passed act of 1965 was just how large the number of immigrants coming in would become. This unexpected increase in immigrants scared some Americans. There was especially great number of people coming from Mexico who many entering the country illegally and not being counted in the quota. The Mexican population in the US jumped from 60 thousand people in the 1940s to 1. 6 million in the 1980s. Even though this high number of immigrants was brought up concerns about the current immigration policy, the country’s new understanding after WWII would not allow then to close their doors once again.

Metho Drinker

We have chosen this poem to analyse today as we thought that it would be one that you could all relate to. Not necessarily to the homeless man, but to the topic of addiction. Nearly every one here would have known someone who has suffered from an addiction, and knows the effect that it has on not only the addict, but their families. It also highlights the ignorance in today’s society, as many are unaware of their sad existence. Main Idea The poem Metho Drinker by Judith Wright tells the story of a homeless man and his addiction to Methylated Spirits, an addiction which is slowly killing him. Living in winter’s harsh conditions â€Å"under the death of winters leaves he lies† he hides away from society. He is alone and ‘cries to nothing and the terrible night’ as he has nothing and there is no one around him. So he turns to the one thing in his life that keeps him warm, methylated spirits. Personification The poem continuously uses personification, as a way of interpreting the man’s relationship with the bottle. The bottle is personified as ‘his girl’, his only companion. His woman of fire who creeps to his heart and sets a candle there†, this shows his love and affection for this ‘woman’. In the next two lines his addiction to Metho becomes evident, as Wright introduces the metaphor of â€Å"melting away his flesh†¦ to eat the nerve that tethers him in time† as the addiction is slowly killing him. the Metho burns him as he drinks it â€Å"to eat the nerve that tethers him in time†. He dr inks it to take his pain away. The candle burning keeps him warm inside and provides him with warmth that he can not find on the streets. Similes Light is compared to ‘knives; whose thrust I cannot turn’ which suggests the pain that light brings to the drinker. Time, to the man, is a never ending trouble. By drinking the Methylated spirits he feels like he is escaping time and escaping from the troubles in his life. â€Å"He is uneasy under her kiss/and winces from that acid of her desire†. This shows how the metho is killing him but the desire and need for ‘her’ or ‘it’ is too strong to stop and his addiction has taken over. Symbolism Symbolism is used in the poem as the woman and his apparent love and desire for her symbolises the bottle of Methylated Spirits and his addiction. Voice The voice of the poem is written in third person. This technique is used in a way to show an outsider’s perception of the homeless man. Structure The structure is a technique that has been used in this poem. The first stanza in the poem sets the scene for the reader, and helps to give the basic story of the man. It shows how the drinker ‘cries to nothing and the terrible night’ and shows his hate for time, light and society’s cruelty. Whereas in the second stanza introduces the drinker and his relationship with the bottle. Figurative language Figurative language is used in the poem when describing the effect that the Metho has on the drinker. It ‘melts away the flesh that hides the bone to eat the nerve that tethers him’, this is a non literal phrase, but again shows the feeling that the Metho creates in him, further causing his addiction.